![]() SAW sonoprinting enhanced the accumulation of 100 nm polystyrene particles on the periphery of the spheroids to near four-fold, while the penetration of nanoparticles into the core regions of the spheroids was improved up to three times. The high frequency, low input voltage, and contact-free nature of the proposed SAW system ensured over 92% cell viability for both cell lines after SAW exposure. The effect of SAW excitation on cell viability, as well as the accumulation and penetration of nanoparticles on human breast cancer (MCF 7) and mouse melanoma (YUMM 1.7) cell spheroids were investigated. Our SAW platform is designed to generate focused and unidirectional acoustic waves for creating vigorous acoustic streaming while promoting Bjerknes forces. To address this challenge, we introduce a novel approach that employs surface acoustic wave (SAW) technology to sonoprint and enhance the delivery of nanoparticles onto and into cell spheroids. Physical barriers become more pronounced in pathological tissues, such as solid tumors, where they limit the penetration of nanocarriers into deeper regions, thereby preventing the efficient delivery of drug cargo. Nanotherapeutics, on their path to the target tissues, face numerous physicochemical hindrances that affect their therapeutic efficacy.
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